In contrast, 44% reported no change and 14% had lighter periods than usual. Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccines | FDA - U.S. Food and Drug Administration The overall risk of COVID-19 to pregnant women is low. For kids in this age group, the Moderna vaccine causes an immune response similar to that seen in adults. J Affect Disord. Modified mRNA-Based Vaccines Against Coronavirus Disease 2019. About 15% of people developed short lived symptoms at the site of the injection. https://www.fda.gov/emergency-preparedness-and-response/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19/pfizer-biontech-covid-19-vaccine. Share this article: This content does not have an Arabic version. Accessibility Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Among 663 children given the placebo, there were 16 cases of COVID-19. Research has shown that this vaccine is 100% effective in preventing COVID-19 in children ages 12 through 15. Side effects of booster shots appear to be similar to side effects experienced after the two-dose or single-dose primary shots. This is a BETA experience. Its true that some people have stickier skin than others, and are quite capable of temporarily attaching massive, macroscopic metallic or magnetic objects to their bare skin. Disclaimer. If you were treated for COVID-19 with monoclonal antibodies or convalescent plasma, there is no need to delay getting a COVID-19 vaccine. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/coronavirus-covid-19-update-fda-authorizes-second-booster-dose-two-covid-19-vaccines-older-and. More Information About the Deadly Covid Vaccines Weisblum Y, Schmidt F, Zhang F, DaSilva J, Poston D, Lorenzi JC, Muecksch F, Rutkowska M, Hoffmann HH, Michailidis E, Gaebler C, Agudelo M, Cho A, Wang Z, Gazumyan A, Cipolla M, Luchsinger L, Hillyer CD, Caskey M, Robbiani DF, Rice CM, Nussenzweig MC, Hatziioannou T, Bieniasz PD. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Of this group, about half were given the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine. Stay up to date with your vaccines. COVID-19 vaccines might affect menstrual cycles. Lithium may have antiviral properties, but it also carries unique risks during a viral infection. Many people are curious to know what the ingredients are for the three currently available COVID-19 vaccines in the US. A single dose is drawn from a vial of the Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine, on March 6, 2021. COVID vaccines work to generate a robust immune response upon injection. Yes. But in general, people can get the booster shot at least two months after their last shot. of their parents and/or offspring will be able to do so as well. The vaccine may help you fight. A recent study showed that unvaccinated people who already had COVID-19 are more than twice as likely as fully vaccinated people to be reinfected with COVID-19. J Affect Disord. What are the ingredients in the specific vaccine in question, as well as in other vaccines more generally, and can they be responsible for magnetizing a human? A week after the second dose was given, there were no cases of COVID-19 in the 1,005 children given the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine. In Sy's underlying paper he uses the Bradford Hill criteria to explain how the COVID vaccine is causing this effect.. The level of stickiness of someone's smooth, hairless skin seems to be genetically inheritable, but magnetism does not play a significant role. . https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/travelers/travel-during-covid19.html. Wang Z, et al. To receive email updates about COVID-19, enter your email address: We take your privacy seriously. They help us to know which pages are the most and least popular and see how visitors move around the site. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal But it isnt because theyre magnetic; the human body generates and possesses no measurable magnetic fields on its own. The COVID-19 pandemic necessitated the rapid production of vaccines aimed at the production of neutralizing antibodies against the COVID-19 spike protein required for the corona virus binding to target cells. This vaccine is about 91% effective in preventing COVID-19 in children ages 5 through 11. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. It never enters the nucleus of your cells, where your DNA is kept. Health Education & Content Services (Patient Education). The Novavax COVID-19 vaccine includes harmless pieces (proteins) of the virus that causes COVID-19; they are pieces of what is often called the "spike protein." These give instructions to cells in your body to create an immune response. Accessed Jan. 19, 2022. Today, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved the first COVID-19 vaccine. feeling dizzy or faint. CDCs Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD) met the statistical criteria to prompt additional investigation into whether there was a safety concern for ischemic stroke in people ages 65 and older who received the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine, Bivalent. Many people are curious to know what the ingredients are for the three currently available COVID-19 vaccines in the US. There are already fears that this could be the case for vaccines against Covid-19, which is hundreds of times more likely to kill a person over the age of 80 than those under the age of 50. Accessed Jan. 21, 2022. The first inklings of lithiums antiviral effects came from observations that patients were less likely to catch the common cold, or rhinovirus, while on the medicine. Republicans want to ban people vaccinated for COVID from donating blood Myocarditis is the inflammation of the heart muscle, while pericarditis is the inflammation of the lining outside the heart. Interim clinical considerations for use of COVID-19 vaccines currently approved or authorized in the United States. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/novavax.html. If you are traveling in the U.S., you don't need to get tested before or after your trip or quarantine after you return. that the sticking only occurs where the skin is smooth and hairless. Of this group, about 3,100 were given the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine. AIDS. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Escape from neutralizing antibodies by SARS-CoV-2 spike protein variants. In fact, treatment with lithium requires continuous monitoring of its serum levels in order to prevent acute toxicity and long-term side effects, most notably affecting the kidney and thyroid. These help the RNA get through the oily membrane on the outside of all our cells. The potential effectiveness of the vaccines may come down to how well your body responds to it. Australian Annual Excess Deaths Due To The Vaccines Accessed Jan. 19, 2022. Its estimated that this vaccine is about 51% effective in preventing COVID-19 in babies ages 6 months through 23 months. Pharmacopsychiatry. Surg Neurol Int. 2022; doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7101e1. In addition, 71% of people using long-acting reversible contraceptives, 39% of people using gender-affirming hormones and 66% of post-menopausal people reported breakthrough bleeding. People with vaccine breakthrough infections can spread COVID-19 to others. Excess deaths have spiked in the aftermath of the vaccination drive in the Philippines with hundreds of thousands of citizens dying unnecessarily and many more injured and maimed, according to include protected health information. A few ferromagnetic materials are common: the elements iron, nickel, and cobalt, as well as most of their alloys, plus a number of compounds involving certain other elements, including manganese, chromium, gadolinium, and other lanthanides from the periodic table. The FDA has given emergency use authorization to a Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine for children ages 6 months through 4 years old. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Case Reports: Exposure to SARS-CoV-2, Acute Kidney Injury, and Lithium Toxicity. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. They might also be at increased risk of problems such as stillbirth and pregnancy loss. Different types of COVID-19 vaccines: How they work FOIA If the external field is strong enough, this can even overcome the force of gravity, leading to the phenomenon of magnetic levitation. 4. The present review aims to present most of the pre-clinical and clinical evidence about lithium's ability to inhibit DNA and RNA viruses, including Coronaviridae, as well as the possible pathways and mechanisms involved in such antiviral activity. average, while ferromagnets will have a net magnetization. COVID-19 vs. flu: Similarities and differences. Conti P, Caraffa A, Gallenga CE, Kritas SK, Frydas I, Younes A, Di Emidio P, Tet G, Pregliasco F, Ronconi G. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. Also, a portion of the children in each age group were monitored for safety for at least two months after being given the second dose of the COVID-19 vaccine. Since then, lithium has demonstrated antiviral activity against over a dozen viruses, both DNA and RNA types. Short clip of a levitating from from Dr. Andre Geim's lab, circa 1997. All materials exhibit some diamagnetism, but paramagnetic or ferromagnetic effects can swamp it easily. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/pregnant-people.html. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. This vaccine involves three shots. See below for counts of verified reports of myocarditis by age group. All COVID-19 vaccines contain no magnetic or magnetizable ingredients, they dont cause magnetism in humans, and moreover, magnetism in humans isnt even a real, measurable phenomenon. Because there is an urgent need for COVID-19 vaccines and the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) vaccine approval process can take years, the FDA first gave emergency use authorization to COVID-19 vaccines based on less data than is typically required. information and will only use or disclose that information as set forth in our notice of Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! As the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues, you might have questions about COVID-19 vaccines. Accessed July 15, 2022. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). AskMayoExpert. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/booster-shot.html. COVID data tracker: Variant proportions. Results: There is a great potential for DDIs between psychiatric and COVID-19 medications ranging from . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Psychotropic drug repurposing for COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. https://vaers.hhs.gov/. A link between Covid-19 vaccination and a cardiac illness may be - CNN People who recently had a positive COVID-19 test may think about waiting three months after their symptoms started to get the booster. The FDA has also given emergency use authorization to a Moderna COVID-19 vaccine for children ages 6 through 11. Accessed July 21, 2022. Would you like email updates of new search results? Psychiatry. Cookies used to track the effectiveness of CDC public health campaigns through clickthrough data. Accessed Feb. 28, 2022. Most side effects go away in a few days. Accessed July 7, 2022. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help We can also engineer magnetic protein crystals, but these do not occur in nature. An official website of the United States government. This vaccine requires two shots, given four to eight weeks apart. This vaccine requires three shots. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. A Philippines court has issued an international arrest warrant for Bill Gates, as part of an investigation into the Covid-19 vaccination roll-out in the territory. When the weakened virus (viral vector) gets into your cells, it delivers genetic material from the COVID-19 virus that gives your cells instructions to make copies of the S protein. Wed have to introduce some external agent. Careers. Here's what you need to know about the different vaccines and the benefits of getting vaccinated. 1999 Oct;156(10):1506-14. doi: 10.1176/ajp.156.10.1506. These recommendations differ by age, what vaccines you have been given and the state of your immune system. Proteins, the third most common material, are generally not ferromagnetic in nature, but a 2017 study did discover a magnetic protein, and there is some suspicion that such proteins may be responsible for the sense of magnetoreception in some animals. Novavax COVID-19, adjuvanted vaccine: Overview and safety. The researchers look at the antibody levels of some 1,600 who received the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine as part of a large study that established the vaccine's efficacy. It's not clear how these medications might impact the effectiveness of the vaccines. J Clin Psychopharmacol. Hence, there are even more reasons to intervene with the use of anti-oxidant compounds, such as luteolin, in addition to available vaccines and anti-inflammatory drugs to prevent the harmful actions of the spike protein. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Their role is to protect the mRNA by forming lipid nanoparticles to encase the mRNA (liposomes). Three blood samples were analyzed. This data is available to the public. Lithium - Wikipedia If you wanted to cause a human being to behave as anything other than diamagnetic which would repel permanent magnets and experience no forces from non-magnetic materials youd have to add in some sort of magnetizable material. Lithium Toxicity: Levels, Signs and Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment Accessed July 7, 2022. 50% developed systemic reactions primarily headache, chills, fatigue or muscle pain or fever lasting for a day or two. NIOSH/OSHA. Molecular mechanisms underlying mood stabilization in manic-depressive illness: the phenotype challenge. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/science/science-briefs/vaccine-induced-immunity.html. Only 16% of the US population has received the updated booster dose for COVID-19 vaccines. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/recommendations/immuno.html. This means that the delta variant isnt currently considered a major public health threat in the U.S. If you become infected with the virus that causes COVID-19, the antibodies will fight the virus. Epub 2020 Nov 3. It's friction, not magnetism. (Esmir Sabic/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images). U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Keep in mind that despite the narrator's claim about Bill Gates being responsible for funding the creation of the Covid-19 virus, all must remember that there is no virus on the loose. Keep in mind that many things can affect menstrual cycles, including infections, stress, sleep problems, and changes in diet or exercise. Here is a breakdown of the three COVID vaccines and their ingredients: More Information can be found on the CDC website. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/effectiveness/why-measure-effectiveness/breakthrough-cases.html. Lithium: still a major option in the management of bipolar disorder. The protein pieces also dont enter the nucleus of your cells, where your DNA is kept. Comirnaty and Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine frequently asked questions. The main types of COVID-19 vaccines currently available in the U.S. or being studied include: Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/keythingstoknow.html. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/clinical-considerations/covid-19-vaccines-us.html#CoV-19-vaccination. "Mayo," "Mayo Clinic," "MayoClinic.org," "Mayo Clinic Healthy Living," and the triple-shield Mayo Clinic logo are trademarks of Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. Statement on Omicron sublineage BA.2. These vaccines were fast-tracked, but the parts that were fast-tracked were the paperwork; so the administrative approvals, the time to get the funding those were all fast-tracked. 6. But that's the problem: Brazil hasn't been under normal circumstances for the past four years, with a leader in the presidential palace who repeatedly questioned the efficacy of vaccines and, to make matters worse, doing so in the midst of a deadly viral pandemic. Accessed Jan. 19, 2022. 2022 Sep-Oct 01;42(5):461-463. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0000000000001586. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. COVID-19 vaccines for persons with underlying medical conditions. Because COVID-19 vaccines clinical trials only started in the summer of 2020, it's not yet clear if these vaccines will have long-term side effects. Despite a broad number of in vitro studies, the rationale for the antiviral activity of lithium failed to translate into methodologically sound clinical studies demonstrating its antiviral efficacy. 2022 Oct 21;13:475. doi: 10.25259/SNI_377_2022. More information is available, Travel requirements to enter the United States are changing, starting November 8, 2021. In the U.S., the federal government is providing COVID-19 vaccines free of charge to all residents, regardless of immigration status or health insurance coverage. In the U.S., COVID-19 vaccines are available to children by age group: Ages 6 months through 4 or 5 years old. National Library of Medicine Immune response fades naturally over time. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/variants/variant.html. We've gathered the latest expert information to answer some of the most common questions about COVID-19 . Diamagnetic: when you place your material into an external magnetic field, the material weakly magnetizes in the opposite direction to the external field, and when you remove the external field, the material completely demagnetizes once again, reverting to its original state. Yes, COVID-19 vaccines are safe for people who have existing health conditions, including conditions that increase the risk of severe illness with COVID-19. "There are no contraindications at this point for people with those conditions," she says. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. There have . Mayo Clinic does not endorse any of the third party products and services advertised. Both the Pfizer-BioNTech and the Moderna COVID-19 vaccines use genetically engineered messenger RNA (mRNA). As a result, it's possible that you could become infected with the virus that causes COVID-19 just before or after being vaccinated. The co-prescription of psychotropics with COVID-19 medication is not uncommon. 8600 Rockville Pike COVID-19 vaccine myths debunked - Mayo Clinic News Network 1998-2023 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). Vaccine adverse event reporting system (VAERS). These cookies may also be used for advertising purposes by these third parties. For the accompanying podcast to this piece, see The Antiviral Side of Lithium. In addition, COVID-19 vaccination might offer better protection than getting sick with COVID-19. It could be because it is not supported, or that JavaScript is intentionally disabled. Main body: If you are traveling outside of the U.S., you don't need to get tested before you leave the U.S. unless your destination requires it. MONTREAL An American company that signed a deal with the federal government to produce COVID-19 vaccines in Montreal is warning investors it could go out of business within the year. J Neural Transm (Vienna). Some people who received the Janssen/Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine have developed Guillain-Barre syndrome. Some evidence about the antiviral properties of lithium began in the early 1970s, when some reports found a reduction of labial-herpetic recurrences. Requirement for proof of negative COVID-19 test or documentation of recovery from COVID-19. Epub 2022 Aug 2. International Group for The Study of Lithium Treated Patients (IGSLi). After delivering instructions, the mRNA is immediately broken down. Further proof with COVID-19. Coronaviruses have a spikelike structure on their surface called an S protein. This response helps protect you from getting sick with COVID-19 in the future. The vaccine is 100% effective in preventing COVID-19 in children ages 12 through 15. seizures. Farmani AR, Salmeh MA, Golkar Z, Moeinzadeh A, Ghiasi FF, Amirabad SZ, Shoormeij MH, Mahdavinezhad F, Momeni S, Moradbeygi F, Ai J, Hardy JG, Mostafaei A. J Funct Biomater. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/coronavirus-covid-19-update-fda-authorizes-pfizer-biontech-covid-19-vaccine-emergency-use. In this double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 50 patients with long COVID will be randomly assigned to either low-dose oral lithium or placebo therapy for three weeks. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/recommendations/adolescents.html. This vaccine requires two shots, given three to eight weeks apart. In addition, the pleiotropic mechanisms of action of lithium may provide an insight for its possible use as antiviral agent targeting specific pathways. This is the next big question: if human beings, themselves, arent permanently magnetizable, could some sort of agent introduced into our bodies suddenly render us capable of being magnetized? Lithium shares a common mechanism with chloroquine, the antimalarial drug that is being explored as a treatment for COVID-19. Because these vaccines have such great interest, the time it took to enroll patients was very, very fast. IN-1502335/We acknowledge support by the Open Access Publication Funds of the SLUB/TU Dresden. This is out of more than . Mol. 2022 Mar;59(3):1850-1861. doi: 10.1007/s12035-021-02696-0. Getting a COVID-19 vaccine can protect you from severe illness due to COVID-19. Lets begin with the magnetic properties of a human. None of the children in this analysis had been previously diagnosed with COVID-19. Accessed Jan. 19, 2022. Opinions expressed by Forbes Contributors are their own. Research shows that this vaccine is about 91% effective in preventing COVID-19 in this age group. Accessed Jan. 19, 2022. Accessed Oct. 17, 2022. The third shot is given at least eight weeks after the second shot. Research shows that the three shots have produced antibody levels similar to those in young adults after getting the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine. Bipolar disorder; Coronavirus; GSK-3; Inositol; Virus. Amsterdam J, Maislin G, Potter L, Giuntoli R, Koprowski H. Suppression of recurrent genital herpes infections with lithium carbonate: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. The elephant in the room can be summarized as follows: Is there an alternate hypothesis for the sudden increase in excess deaths among all age groups, but especially the 0 - 44 year olds, that is more likely than Sy's hypothesis, i.e., where the . Be aware of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein: There is more than meets - PubMed This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The surprising ingredients found in vaccines - BBC Future It also contains a lower amount of mRNA than the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine used for people age 12 and older. Here is a breakdown of the three COVID vaccines and their ingredients: Pfizer Vaccine: The full list of ingredients for the Pfizer vaccine is: mRNA, lipids ( (4-hydroxybutyl)azanediyl)bis (hexane-6,1-diyl)bis (2-hexyldecanoate), 2 https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/faq.html. Obstetrics & Gynecology. Deadly Covid Vaccines. Cookies used to make website functionality more relevant to you. https://www.who.int/news/item/22-02-2022-statement-on-omicron-sublineage-ba.2. Serum levels of lithium above 2.0 mEq/L can cause severe toxicity and additional symptoms, including: heightened reflexes. As the COVID-19 vaccines are authorized for younger children, CDC and FDA will continue to monitor for and evaluate reports of myocarditis and pericarditis after COVID-19 vaccination and will share more information as it becomes available. Adverse events described on this page have been reported to the. COVID-19 mRNA vaccines give your cells instructions for how to make a harmless piece of an S protein. While each of the available vaccines are different from one another, they all have commonalities, too. Can immunocompromised people receive the COVID-19 vaccine? In a very, very small subset of patients those patients who've had prior allergic reactions some patients can experience allergic reaction to the vaccine. However, you might be able to get a different vaccine for your second dose. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. People with weakened immune systems might not develop enough immunity after vaccination with two doses of an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine or one dose of the Janssen/Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. SARS-CoV-2 variant classifications and definitions. In contrast, a booster dose is recommended for people who are vaccinated and whose immune response weakened over time. Accessed Feb. 28, 2022. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the However, if you're in an area with a high number of people with COVID-19 in the hospital and new COVID-19 cases, the CDC recommends wearing a well-fitted mask indoors in public, whether or not you're vaccinated. For kids ages 5 through 11, the FDA reviewed a vaccine study of more than 4,600 children in this age range. However, [+] despite the alleged claims of magnetism, a series of tests can easily show that no magnetism is involved, that non-metallic and non-magnetic objects stick just as well as magnetic ones, and that talc will cause these objects to slide right off. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. kidney failure . A new prospective study in JHEP Reports . According to the CDC, there have been only nine documented deaths linked to the J&J/Janssen COVID-19 vaccine. A longer interval might increase protection against COVID-19 and reduce the risk of rare heart problems, such as myocarditis and pericarditis. The level of stickiness of someone's smooth, hairless skin seems to be genetically inheritable, but magnetism does not play a significant role. After vaccination, your muscle cells begin making the S protein pieces and displaying them on cell surfaces. CDC has updated select ways to operate healthcare systems effectively in response to COVID-19 vaccination. 2019;88:208214. Heres a look at the science behind this claim. This is a rare disorder in which your body's immune system attacks your nerves. Augmentation of lithium's behavioral effect by inositol uptake inhibitors. claiming that it's the coronavirus vaccine, the late skeptic and magician James Randi, bringing a permanent magnet close to a refrigerator, upon which it sticks,. slurred speech. Keywords: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Reinfections and COVID-19. Accessed Jan. 20, 2022. In addition, the tolerability of lithium as an antiviral agent should be addressed. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2018;43(5):11741179. PMC Oxygen, Carbon, Nitrogen and Hydrogen, these atoms are further bound together into molecules like water, lipids, and proteins. Frontiers | Efficacy and Safety of Lithium Treatment in SARS-CoV-2 Drug Interactions of Psychiatric and COVID-19 Medications Biol Psychiatry. The follow up was as thorough as it is for any vaccine, and we now have months of data on patients who received the vaccine or placebo, and we've compared the incidence of side effects between patients who received the vaccine and placebo, and that incidence of side effects, other than injection site reaction, is no different. Effect of lithium on HIV-1 expression and proviral reservoir size in the CD4+ T cells of antiretroviral therapy suppressed patients. Protein subunit COVID-19 vaccines dont use any live virus and cant cause you to become infected with the COVID-19 virus. Butani N, Xu Y, Pan S, Durocher Y, Ghosh R. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. PMC Executives at Maryland-based Novavax told investors yesterday on a conference call that there is significant . All rights reserved. None of the COVID-19 vaccines contain the live virus that causes COVID-19. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/different-vaccines/mrna.html.

Graal Era Head Gif, Vioc Pos Employee Schedule, Gus Johnson Announcing Schedule, Surefire Warcomp California Legal, Articles I