Sign in|Recent Site Activity|Report Abuse|Print Page|Powered By Google Sites. 0000010779 00000 n :>"we>WN,}Arj*L^{l"C9](j0xfyK.1^8 jKbE#/`^%]Ply48o~9cw+ecw/j;k`t)# -3ffua0D@~1` cp \nO7uF& o>u$]oK' 2WBxK>rVyRZ 7%M6xdKmUD}],'WpaB2t$t@^K,JLiM 6H] WA@'n. A little more than 60 years ago, Leon Festinger published A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (1957). Participants in the $1 condition experience greater discomfort and agitation when lying about how fun the task was than do participants in the $20 condition. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright . It is possible, then, that the results on this question, shown in the third row of figures in Table 1, might reflect dissonance reduction. Subjects who received $20 had no problem explaining their behavior to themselves. Cognitive dissonance theory implies that if you demand respect, you will get it. Cognitive dissonance is one form of social comparison. In these circumstances, the object of sacrifice becomes "sacred" and it is in a position to demand further sacrifices. Two Ss (both in the One Dollar condition) told the girl that they had been hired, that the experiment was really boring but they were supposed to say it was fun. In this case, the One Dollar group should be motivated to believe that the experiment was enjoyable. Two derivations from this theory are tested here. 5. The behavioral component of prejudice is______. The presence of others is especially important in influencing helping behavior when a situation is, Once someone has taken responsibility to help, the next step in the decision-making process is. Obviously, Gerard knows nothing about. GzXfc^+"R89DP{va3'72IKmr(6*k&LCl7pK)rMTvlTx6Gdo-mnsU You should not put up with abuse, because people who treat you poorly will adopt negative beliefs about you, in order to be consistent with their behavior toward you. The data from the other conditions may be viewed, in a sense, as changes from this baseline. For an hour, you are required to perform dull tasks, such as turning wooden knobs again and again. 0000010660 00000 n This has many practical implications. There is another possible way, however. In a crowded mall parking lot, dozens of people hear a female voice yell, "He's killing me!" {"cdnAssetsUrl":"","site_dot_caption":"Cram.com","premium_user":false,"premium_set":false,"payreferer":"clone_set","payreferer_set_title":"Psychology Chapter 12","payreferer_url":"\/flashcards\/copy\/psychology-chapter-12-1964384","isGuest":true,"ga_id":"UA-272909-1","facebook":{"clientId":"363499237066029","version":"v12.0","language":"en_US"}}. The group most likely to become a scapegoat is the group. two different groups dealing with the aftermath of a hurricane. 109 0 obj <>stream In Latane and Darley's classic 1969 study, they found that____ of the participants reported the smoke in the room when the two confederates in the room noticed the smoke but then ignored it. That is uncomfortable, unless you have a good explanation for your behavior (such as being paid a lot of money). According to research in interpersonal attraction, the most likely explanation for them to "find" each other is______. If an environmental group is trying to persuade the public to join its cause, it needs to focus on the, When someone who thinks they're smart does something they think is stupid, it causes, In Festinger and Carlsmith's study, the students who were only paid $1 for doing a very boring task, convinced themselves that the task was interesting, Karen is late for work, and her co-worker, Jeff, assumes it is because she is careless and lazy. 1959. Rating scale -5 to +5, Stanley Milgram : Obedience to Authority Experiments, Conformity under Social Pressure : Solomon Asch, Stephen Fry quotations and quotes on God and Religion, Stephen Fry's controversial interview on Irish TV, The Nature vs. Nurture debate or controversy, Stanley Milgram's experiments on Obedience to Authority, The Perils of Obedience, (Harper's Magazine article), by Stanley Milgram, Festinger and Carlsmith ~ Cognitive consequences of forced compliance, Albert Hastorf and Hadley Cantril ~ They Saw a Game: A Case Study, The Robbers Cave experiment. Participants who agreed to do this were paid either $1 or $20. The text in this article is licensed under the Creative Commons-License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). I hope you did enjoy it. So, to avoid dissonance, the person likes you. stream gsKkaO\Cw`c L J=x8;zy\kd7vHzl=1~6}4=m_IQfKn[3Mqwp0uyM-P:. Some have already been discussed. /ImageC The fact that a social role can lead to an increase in aggressive behavior points to _____as a major contributor to aggression. In short, when an S was induced, by offer of reward, to say something contrary to his private opinion, this private opinion tended to change so as to correspond more closely with what he had said. An experiment by Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) brought cognitive dissonance theory to the attention of American social psychologists. 49 0 obj According to the text, which of the following has not been studied as a cause of aggressive behavior? 0000000974 00000 n Betty writes a letter to her senator asking for support of a law making corporations responsible for the pollution they cause. Similarly, the knowledge that he has said "not X" is consonant with (does fit together with) those cognitive elements corresponding to the reasons, pressures, promises of rewards and/or threats of punishment which induced him to say "not X. This works (according to cognitive dissonance theory) because, once the person has put out time and energy to help you, the person must develop an attitude consistent with the behavior. Create your own unique website with customizable templates. Festinger and Carlsmith's study now began to treat the 71 subjects in different ways such as to investigate the cognitive consequences of induced compliance to see whether there would be any evidence of Cognitive Dissonance, where the student concerned was psychologically di-stressed between his actual views and the role he found himself taking Muzafer Sherif et al (1954), Plato, Socrates and Shakespeare endorse a "Tripartite Soul" view of Human Nature. They were paid a lot of money to lie, and that explained why they lied. To which he readily agrees. It has received widespread attention after recently being published in an academic journal. What happens when students are asked to defend positions contrary to their beliefs? Cognitive dissonance is at the heart of this insidious prejudice, write Berit Brogaard and Dimitria Gatzia. Marco is using an example of. "Fight acts, not feelings," is the banner of anti-racist social scientists. %PDF-1.7 % Only recently has there been any experimental work related to this question. According to Sternberg, the emotional and psychical arousal a person feels for another is the_______ component of love. 51 0 obj asking people to work on separate projects but in the same room. This project has received funding from the, You are free to copy, share and adapt any text in the article, as long as you give, Select from one of the other courses available, https://explorable.com/cognitive-dissonance, Creative Commons-License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0), European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme. In the process, people look at the images portrayed by others as something obtainable and realistic, and subsequently, make comparisons among themselves, others and the idealized images. The said images can be a reference to physical reality or in comparison to other people. Initially, subjects will be told that they will be participating in a two-hour experiment. } 8LDR#sUFZTE_|@N. Research has found that the view that opposites attract, According to Sternberg, love consists of intimacy, passion, and, Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love says that companionate love consists of, Karen intentionally tries to hurt Lisa by spreading rumors about her. From this point on, as the promised rewards or threatened punishment become larger, the magnitude of dissonance becomes smaller. An internet resource developed by Five Ss (three in the One Dollar and two in the Twenty Dollar condition) indicated in the interview that they were suspicious about having been paid to tell the girl the experiment was fun and suspected that that was the real purpose of the experiment. They choose among the available experiments by signing their names on a sheet posted on the bulletin board which states the nature of the experiment. The results from this question are shown in the last row of Table 1. He explained that, since they were required to serve in experiments, the department was conducting a study to evaluate these experiments in order to be able to improve them in the future. Method In their laboratory experiment, they used 71 male students as participants to perform a series of dull tasks (such as turning pegs in a peg board for an hour). endobj What similar but opposite statement appears in Hoffer's book The True Believer ? Don't see what you need? 2. C. She knew she had to find something that she was interested in. In Festinger and Carlsmith's (1959) experiment in which they asked individuals to "lie" and tell . Psychologists familiar with dissonance theory said just the opposite. Which situation would be last likely to result in a decrease of prejudice? Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 55, 72-75. Patrick is very proud of his Irish heritage and thinks of himself as an Irish American. (Boulding, 1969) In this way, they propose, the person who is forced to improvise a speech convinces himself. Eddie has made the _________. Her improved performance is an example of. It shows people will do anything to fit in with the group. Festinger explained it this way in A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (1957): The existence of dissonance, being psychologically uncomfortable, will motivate the person to try to reduce the dissonance and achieve consonance. This is the, People are less likely to be susceptible to the foot-in-the-door technique, how far people would go in obeying the command of an authority figure, Social loafing can be explained by the fact that, it is easier for a lazy person to hide laziness when working in a group of people. Lilly's mother always listens to the classic rock station on her car radio, so Lilly has grown up hearing that music and noticing how much her mother enjoys it. Those who got $1 to perform a boring task said the task was more interesting than did those who got $2. In a classic piece of cognitive dissonance research, researchers assigned students to different sides of a debate about the merits of college football. That is it. Certainly, the more interesting and enjoyable they felt the tasks were, the greater would be their desire to participate in a similar experiment. Through the lens of cognitive dissonance theory, however, the explanation was a bit different. Sandy was a juror in the trial for a man accused of stealing guns from a sporting goods store. Scott himself, in the tradition of old-time behaviorists, interpreted this result as "reinforcement of verbal behavior." There is perhaps no surer way of infecting ourselves with virulent hatred toward a person than by doing him a grave injustice. If behavior is assumed to be caused by internal personality characteristics, this is known as___________. Social Researcher. if( window.canRunAds === undefined ){ Don't have time for it all now? This, however, was unlikely in this experiment because money was used for the reward and it is undoubtedly difficult to convince oneself that one dollar is more than it really is. Festinger and Carlsmith had predicted Cram has partnered with the National Tutoring Association, Conformity In The Stanford Prison Experiment, Stereotypes: The Role Of Discrimination In Social Groups, Summary Of Stereotypes That Affect Social Interaction. They were told that the study aims to evaluate these experiments to help them improve these in the future. The present experiment was designed to test this derivation under controlled, laboratory conditions. Prejudice is to ____ as discrimination is to _______. The Social Comparison Theory was originally proposed by Leon Festinger in 1954. Add to folder Their research suggested to them that if the laws changed first, forcing a change in behavior, the attitudes would follow along later. Putting these 11 in exception, the 60 remaining responses are the following: One of the questions that Festinger and Carlsmith were aiming to answer is how enjoyable were the tasks for the participants. Half of them were offered $1 to do the job, while the remaining half was offered $20. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-210. Specifically, as applied to our results, this a1ternative explanation would maintain that perhaps, for some reason, the Ss in the One Dollar condition worked harder at telling the waiting girl that the tasks were fun and enjoyable. The importance of this announcement will become clear shortly. Group B was given introduction by an experimenter, presenting the tasks in an interesting and enjoyable tone. /MediaBox[0 0 484 720] Furthermore, since the pressure to reduce dissonance will be a function of the magnitude of the dissonance, the observed opinion change should be greatest when the pressure used to elicit the overt behavior is just sufficient to do it. Studies have found the degree of conformity to be greater in_______ cultures. Hoffer, E. (1951) The True Believer. Cheryl's co-worker also got a bad grade on a test, which Cheryl attributes to her co-worker's laziness. 0000011828 00000 n The students presumably put some effort into building and defending their arguments. In the study, undergraduate students of Introductory Psychology at Stanford University were asked to take part of a series of experiments. He called it the Sacrifice Trap: If we once start making sacrifices for anythinga family, a religion, or a nationwe find that we cannot admit to ourselves that the sacrifices have been in vain without a threat to our personal identity. In the One Dollar condition, since the magnitude of dissonance was high, the pressure to reduce this dissonance would also be high. Jeff is assuming a, Cheryl got a bad grade on her test, which she attributes to the fact that she had to work overtime throughout the week and so could not study as much as usual. The third asks whether that subject finds the activity important, again using the scale of 0 to 10. endobj Lately she has noticed that she seems to play better when there are people watching her than which she is playing alone. After completing the tasks, the participants were asked to persuade another student (who were already informed of the experiment confederates) into agreeing to participate. What are some practical implications of cognitive dissonance theory? Which of the following is not one of the three things people do to reduce cognitive dissonance? Hoffer, E. (1951) The True Believer. Our identity is in part created by identifying ourselves with the organization or the community for which the sacrifices have been made. To start with, she asks her boyfriend to cook dinner for her. The public service messages that encourage parents to sit down with their children and talk frankly about drugs are promoting which method of attitude formation? To which two processes do most social psychologists attribute the failure of Kitty Genovese's neighbors to help her? Which of the following represents an example of cognitive dissonance? show that a person's private opinion will change to reduce dissonance when it conflicts with what they are forced to do, stanford uni students were asked to do simple, boring tasks for an hour and the researchers timed them with a stopwatch and took notes to make it seem as if the task was important, the participants were given either $1 or $20 to tell another student that the task was fun, there was a clear difference of opinion in the follow up interview. The variability is greater, however, and the differences do not yield high levels of statistical significance. You tell your roommate she probably would not have said that if she had attended class the day the instructor discussed the topic of. The people who were paid $1 rated the task as more enjoyable because they had no ample justification for lying, so they convinced themselves that the task was fun and rated it as fun. They asked the participants to execute boring tasks, such as repeatedly. The same logic applies to selfish concerns such as getting other people to respect you. Since these derivations are stated in detail by Festinger (1957, Ch. Comparison of the effectiveness of improvised versus non-improvised role-playing in producing opinion change. You should not put up with abuse, because people who treat you poorly will adopt negative beliefs about you, in order to be consistent with their behavior toward you. No problem, save it as a course and come back to it later. Elizabeth's room is almost always a mess. A rating of the amount of time in the discussion that the S spent discussing the tasks as opposed to going off into irrelevant things. Harry's friend Logan studies a lot, so Harry assumes that Logan is smart. Jane used ______ when receiving the officer's message. Violent video games have been blamed for all but which of the following? Kelman (1953), in the previously mentioned study, in attempting to explain the unexpected finding that the persons who complied in the moderate reward condition changed their opinion more than in the high reward condition, also proposed the same kind of explanation. According to Sternberg, married (committed) people who also have intimacy and passion are in the form of love called______love. If you want somebody to like you, induce the person to perform "liking behavior" such as doing you a favor. If you change your attitudes, then presumably your behavior will change. One Dollar condition. Carlsmith performed an experiment regarding cognitive dissonance in /T 679093 An unpleasant psychological state often aroused when people hold two conflicting cognition. Sherry H. Priester From our point of view the experiment had hardly started. If you make people treat you with respect, they will respect you more, in order to reduce dissonance between their attitudes and their behaviors. The Control condition gives us, essentially, the reactions of Ss to the tasks and their opinions about the experiment as falsely explained to them, without the experimental introduction of dissonance. Recently, Festinger (1957) bas proposed a theory concerning cognitive dissonance. To do otherwise would have been to create conflict or dissonance (lack of harmony) between their attitudes and their behavior. A fraction of the participants (the control group) was thanked and let go after an interview. Doing so, they started to identify with the arguments and accept them as their own. Take it with you wherever you go. There is perhaps no surer way of infecting ourselves with virulent hatred toward a person than by doing him a grave injustice. The stove is too large to be moved out of his way, so he has to learn not to touch it -even when Martha isn't looking. Research on conformity suggests that if a _____ response is required, ______ show more conformity than ______. endobj 4. I'm sure you'll enjoy it." Would the subject be willing to do a small favor for the experimenter? They asked the participants to execute boring tasks, such as The greater the reward offered (beyond what was necessary to elicit the behavior) the smaller was the effect. Deception is the cornerstone of the experiment conceived by Leon Festinger in the year 1959. Which of the following has been shown to be true concerning the "teachers" in Milgram's experiment? they shifted their attitudes and perceived the task as more enjoyable Mental patterns that represent what a person believes about certain types of people are called________. As a rule, cognitive dissonance theory predicts that attitudes and behaviors will remain in synchrony. It enabled us to measure the opinions of our Ss in a context not directly connected with our experiment and in which we could reasonably expect frank and honest expressions of opinion. The S worked at this task for another half hour. xref Festinger and Carlsmith had cleverly set up an opposition between behavioral theory, which was dominant in the 1950s, and Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory. OF A POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATION. /Resources 50 0 R Specifically, they showed that if a person is forced to improvise a speech supporting a point of view with which he disagrees, his private opinion moves toward the position advocated in the speech. Doing so, they started to identify with the arguments and accept them as their own. task faced a greater degree of dissonance than the ones who were paid $20, so All of the following are causes for groupthink EXCEPT. Leon Festinger and James M. Carlsmith (1959) conducted an experiment entitled "Cognitive Consequences of Forced Compliance". 1 John was late to class, and his friend Eddie assumes that John simply doesn't care about being on time. Ashley has practiced her drum routine over and over. New York Times, p.C1. This difference in Sandy's playing is most likely the result of_______. They had not enjoyed the experiment, but now they were asked to lie and say they had enjoyed it. Karen is engaging in, The sadistic behavior of the "guards" in Philip Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Study, highlighted the influence that a social role can have on ordinary people, Jim jumped into the ocean to save a drowning man, risking his own life in the process. This short persuasive communication was made in all conditions in exactly the same way. According to Sternberg's theory, when intimacy and passion are combined the result is _____, which is often the basis for a more lasting relationship. What is the Sacrifice Trap? Sherif's 1936 study of conformity involved, asking participants to report the movement of a single point of light in a darkened room, The Challenger disaster is a classic example of groupthink because, some people knew the shuttle was not OK to launch but did not speak up and therefore disrupt group cohesion, Chris's roommate asks Chris to do him a favor, and Chris agrees. bystander effect and diffusion of responsibly. Which communicator would likely be most persuasive? In the first experiment designed to test these theoretical ideas, Aronson and Mills (1959) had women undergo a severe or mild "initiation" to become a member of a group. Christopher D. Green The larger the pressure used to elicit the [p. 210] overt behavior (beyond the minimum needed to elicit it) the weaker will be the above-mentioned tendency. Boulding, K. E. (1969) The grants economy. Half of the /Linearized 1.0 Which of the following does NOT represent an effective method for reducing prejudice? Harry's belief is based on. This is further explained in Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith's study in 1954. Hoffer pointed out that, after the Nazis had started persecuting the Jews, it became easier for the average German citizen to hate the Jews. More surprisingly, if you change a person's behavior, attitudes change to match the behavior. How are these 100 people likely to respond? (Boulding, 1969). DISCUSSION. Stereotypes are governed by the recency effect. Like in every other study, there are some responses that are deemed to be invalid. A laboratory experiment was designed to test these derivations. Relat., 1956, 9, 177-186. Behavior that is intended to hurt or destroy another person is referred to as. & KING, B.T. Prev page|Page top|Chapter Contents|Next page What term refers to helping behavior that is performed voluntarily for the benefit of another person, which no anticipation of reward? bringing diverse groups of people into contact with each other. How could they explain their own behavior to themselves? Their prediction provedcorrect. They were instructed to put spools onto and off the try with only one hand for half an hour, and then turn 48 square pegs clockwise for the next half hour. The more you see someone, the more likely you are to _____ that person. This is manifested in the phenomenon called cognitive dissonance. The subjects who received $1 did not have a very good reason to lie. Festinger, L. & Carlsmith, J. M. (1959) Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. The subjects were then again interviewed afterwards and were asked to rate four different areas of the experiment. The driver was making a situational attribution; the officer was making a dispositional attribution. The E then removed the tray and spools and placed in front of the S a board containing 48 square pegs. The second area is whether the experiment gave the participant an opportunity to discover their own skills, using the scale of 0 to 10. ]B|07oS8x 7\>Hu0Y(ax/oFpr9&wcN/lLvxva 0]pr8g7o>:kIR,7V_ so4;OO8{B9D W}evewdJ|zCjmgO41b:f~fH4RZHn%j0d&@0yuV;Yhr.a3{Zolv8=e":1'>TwO_3[p]%zX{H[g*uW?:4?= Generally speaking, the social comparison theory explains how individuals evaluate their opinion and desires by comparing themselves to others. Psy 301: Social Psychology Maria had fallen victim to the_______technique. Two studies reported by Janis and King (1954; 1956) clearly showed that, at least under some conditions, the private opinion changes so as to bring it into closer correspondence with the overt behavior the person was forced to perform. Goleman, D. (1991, July 16) New way to battle bias: fight acts, not feelings. A theory of cognitive dissonance. To prevent groupthink, member's of a group should do all but which of the following? The average ratings on this question, presented in the first row of figures in Table 1, are the results most important to the experiment. In 1959, Festinger, along with James Carlsmith, tested this theory (Cognitive Dissonance). The participants were experiencing cognitive dissonance because they were being asked to tell other people that the tasks were fun and interesting when, in reality, they were tedious and boring.

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